非母語者溝通的互動模式

　　Varonis and Gass (1985)提出了非母語者之間，面對面互動時的模式：

1. 引發觸媒 (trigger)
2. 指標 (indicator)
3. 回答(response)
4. 回應(reaction)

　　Smith (2003)針對CMC (computer-mediated communication)的特性，在Varonis and Gass (1985)的基礎上再加上兩個功能：確認(confirmations)與再確認(reconfirmations)。

參考文獻
Varonis, E. M., & Gass, S. (1985). Non-native/non-native conversations: A model for negotiation of meaning. Applied Linguistics, 6 (1), 71-90.
Smith, B. (2003). Computer-mediated negotiated interaction: An expanded model. The Modern Language Journal, 87 (1), 38-57.

這兩篇都是引自
Abrams, Z. I., (2006). From theory to practice: Intracultural CMC in the L2 classroom. Calling on call. (懶得補完...)